Page vii, para. 1: Lee Geok Boi, et. al, Singapore: Journey into Nationhood (Singapore: National Heritage Board: Landmark Books, 1998).

Page viii, para. 2: John Crawfurd, A descriptive dictionary of the Indian islands & adjacent countries; with an introduction by M. C. Ricklefs (Kuala Lumpur, New York: Oxford University Press, 1971). Reprint of the 1856 edition.

Page viii, para. 3: Cyril Northcote Parkinson, Trade in the Eastern Seas, 1793-1813, (England: Cambridge University Press, 1937).