1. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 205 Reel 5.

2. Australian War Memorial, Series AWM 54 Item 553/6/3 Part 8, “Certificate of Strength of Australian Imperial Force in Malaya at or about the Date of Capitulation”, Col. J. Wallace Ross, OIC 2nd Echelon HQ AMF, 24 November 1945, CD No. D2006100078; National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14550, “Digest of Narrative of Brigadier T.K. Newbigging Adjutant General Malaya”, pp.1-3.

3. National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14551, “Interim Report on British and Australian Prisoner of War Camps, Singapore Island. For the Period 17 Aug 42 to 31 Aug 45”, Col. E.B. Holmes, M.C., Commanding British and Australian Troops, Singapore, pp.1-11.

4. Imperial War Museum, File Reference IWM 88/33/1, Papers of Edward Llewellyn Sawyer, officer of the Royal Regiment of Artillery in liaison with loyal Indian Army prisoners-of-war, “The Growth of the Indian National Army and the General Conditions of Indian Prisoners of War in Singapore from 1942 to 1945”, 15 August 1945, p.1 of part C.

5. National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14550, “Major Events at Changi, from 17 Feb to 16 Aug 42.” Brig. K.S. Torrance, Late B.G.S. Malaya Command, 24 August 1945, pp.1-2.

6. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 205 Reel 5.

7. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 03155, “Been There! Done That! My War Experiences by Jack Murchie”, pp.9-11, CD No. D2006100082.

8. Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten Armies Britain’s Asian Empire & the War with Japan, p339. In his oral history interview with the National Archives of Singapore in 1999, POW Leonard Butler recounted his memories of the overcrowded conditions at Changi camp: “To start with, there were three of us, in a cell that was built for one. And eventually there were four. As more and more people came…it built up more and more, and they utilised the wire meshing, which was between the two levels of the floor, and people slept on those as well. So eventually…instead of having an inmate population of 600 in Changi Jail, there were about 4,500 in there eventually. And then we stayed there for about two-and-a-half years.” Oral history interview, 1999, in English, Acc 2104 Reel 3.

9. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, p.125.

10. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 208/1475, “Location and Known Strengths of Prisoner of War Camps and Civilian Assembly Centers in Japan and Japanese-Occupied Territories”, 20 December 1944, pp.20-21.

11. National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14551, “Interim Report on British and Australian Prisoner of War Camps, Singapore Island. For the Period 17 Aug 42 to 31 Aug 45”, Col. E.B. Holmes, M.C., Commanding British and Australian Troops, Singapore, pp.1-11.

12. The Straits Times, 8 September 1945. “Cosmopolis At Sime Road: 27 Nationalities Interned.”

13. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 163 Reel 2.

14. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 208/1475, “Location and Known Strengths of Prisoner of War Camps and Civilian Assembly Centers in Japan and Japanese-Occupied Territories”, 20 December 1944, pp.20-21.

15. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 03155, “Been There! Done That! My War Experiences by Jack Murchie”, pp.9-11, CD No. D2006100082.

16. National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14550, “Major Events at Changi, from 17 Feb to 16 Aug 42.” Brig. K.S. Torrance, Late B.G.S. Malaya Command, 24 August 1945, pp.1-2.

17. National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14551, “Interim Report on British and Australian Prisoner of War Camps, Singapore Island. For the Period 17 Aug 42 to 31 Aug 45”, Col. E.B. Holmes, M.C., Commanding British and Australian Troops, Singapore, pp.1-11.

18. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, p.126.

19. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 208/521, “Report of Interrogation of British Soldiers Formerly Prisoners of the Japanese”, p.2.

20. National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14551, “Interim Report on British and Australian Prisoner of War Camps, Singapore Island. For the Period 17 Aug 42 to 31 Aug 45”, Col. E.B. Holmes, M.C., Commanding British and Australian Troops, Singapore, pp.1-11.

21. Ibid; National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14551, “History of ‘F’ Force”, Lieut-Colonel S.W. Harris, O.B.E., R.A. (Commander, 18 Div P.O.W. Area in Changi), pp.1-35.

22. The British Library, File Reference M/4/2061, “Tracing of Missing Personnel, Unlocated PW etc. Appendix ‘A’: Breakdown of PW and Internees in Malaya as at March 1945”, R. Thompson, Brigadier for Lt-Gen, C in C Allied Land Forces, SEA, 15 June 1945.

23. Oral history interview, 2006, in English, Acc 3037 CD2.

24. Oral history interview, 2006, in English, Acc 3037 CD2.

25. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 03155, “Been There! Done That! My War Experiences by Jack Murchie”, pp.9-11, CD No. D2006100082.

26. National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14551, “Interim Report on British and Australian Prisoner of War Camps, Singapore Island. For the Period 17 Aug 42 to 31 Aug 45”, Col. E.B. Holmes, M.C., Commanding British and Australian Troops, Singapore, pp.1-11.

27. Oral history interview, 1982, in English, Acc 170 Reel 11.

28. Oral history interview, 1982, in English, Acc 143 Reel 2.

29. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 305 Reel 4.

30. National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14551, “Interim Report on British and Australian Prisoner of War Camps, Singapore Island. For the Period 17 Aug 42 to 31 Aug 45”, Col. E.B. Holmes, M.C., Commanding British and Australian Troops, Singapore, pp.1-11.

31. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 325/133, “Eyewitness Account of Japanese Treatment of British Prisoners of War” taken from 74 Liberated Prisoners of War (British), 22 March 1945.

32. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), USA, Records Series XL 11894, “Prisoner of War Camps”, 14 June 1945, pp.1-2.

33. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, pp.250-253.

34. Ibid.

35. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 325/3, Statements and affidavits concerning Japanese War Crimes, Nov 1943-Dec 1947.

36. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14550, “Medical Appreciation of the Situation – No 1 P.W. Camp Changi”, J. Glyn White, O i/c Camp ‘M’ Services, pp.1-2.

37. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, p.135.

38. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14550, “Medical Appreciation of the Situation – No 1 P.W. Camp Changi”, J. Glyn White, O i/c Camp ‘M’ Services, pp.1-2.

39. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, p.246.

40. Interview for ‘Reflections at Bukit Chandu’, 2003, in Malay.

41. Oral history interview, 1985, in English, Acc 546 Reel 8.

42. Oral history interview, 1982, in English, Acc 229 Reel 2.

43. Oral history interview, 1982, in English, Acc 170 Reel 8.

44. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), USA, Records Series XL 11894, “Prisoner of War Camps”, 14 June 1945, pp.1-2.

45. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, pp.243-246.

46. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14550, “Medical Appreciation of the Situation at Selarang Barrack Square during the period 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Sept. 1942”, Lieut-Colonel W.G. Neal, D.D.M.S., 22 September 1942, pp.1-4.

47. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14550, “Medical Appreciation of the Situation – No 1 P.W. Camp Changi”, J. Glyn White, O i/c Camp ‘M’ Services, pp.1-2.

48. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 290 Reel 6.

49. Oral history interview, 1982, in English, Acc 170 Reel 8.

50. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, p.247.

51. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), USA, Records Series XL 11894, “Prisoner of War Camps”, 14 June 1945, pp.1-2.

52. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 379 Reels 2 & 3.

53. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, pp.126-127.

54. Oral history interview, 2003, in English, Acc 2740 Reel 3.

55. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, p.255.

56. Saggers, Ian. To Hell-Fire, Purgatory and Back. Western Australia, 2000. 62.

57. Ibid.

58. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, pp.250-256.

59. National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14550, “Major Events at Changi, from 17 Feb to 16 Aug 42.” Brig. K.S. Torrance, Late B.G.S. Malaya Command, 24 August 1945, pp.1-2.

60. Oral history interview, 1982, in English, Acc 205 Reel 5.

61. The National Archives of UK, File Reference HS 1/257, “Operation Jaywick”, 25 October 1943, p.1.

62. Mallal, Bashir A., ed. T he Double Tenth Trial War Crimes Court. Singapore: The Malayan Law Journal Office.

63. Oral history interview, 1985, in English, Acc 597 Reel 2-5.

1. National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 235/825, Trial proceedings of Lt.-Gen. Fukuei Shimpei of the Imperial Japanese Army for the violation of the laws and usages of war while at Changi between 29 Aug 1945 and 6 Sep 1945, Statement by 1st witness Major F.A.H. Magee, East Surrey Regiment, 21 August 1945, p.1.

2. Australian War Memorial, Series AWM 54 Item 553/4/1, “Selarang Special Order No. 3 dated 4 Sept 42”, CD No. D2006100078.

3. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, pp.130-132. According to Articles 50 and 54 of the Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Geneva, 27 July 1929: Art. 50: “Escaped prisoners of war who are re-captured before they have been able to rejoin their own armed forces or to leave the territory occupied by the armed forces which captured them shall be liable only to disciplinary punishment.” Art. 54: “Imprisonment is the most severe disciplinary punishment which may be inflicted on a prisoner of war. The duration of any single punishment shall not exceed thirty days.” Cited from the International Committee of the Red Cross International Humanitarian Law Treaties. “Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 27 July 1929.”(http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/305?OpenDocument)

4. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14550, “Medical Appreciation of the Situation at Selarang Barrack Square during the period 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Sept. 1942”, Lieut-Colonel W.G. Neal, D.D.M.S., 22 September 1942, pp.1-4.

5. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 235/825, “In the Matter of Japanese War Crimes and in the Matter of Changi Camp, Selarang Barracks Incident” (Affidavit of Capt. Ronald Page).

6. Oral history interview, 1982, in English, Acc 170 Reel 12.

7. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 325/3, Statements and affidavits of POWs concerning Japanese war crimes (Shadrach Alexander Anderson), 9 May 1946.

8. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, pp.130-132.

9. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, p.134: “These included 9 goats, 342 hens, 111 ducks, 3 monkeys and 1 parrot.”

10. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 235/825, “In the Matter of Japanese War Crimes and in the Matter of Changi Camp, Selarang Barracks Incident” (Affidavit of Capt. Ronald Page); The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 325/44, Report and appendices by Col. E.B. Holmes, M.C. on the “Selarang Incident”, pp.1-7.

11. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, p.133.

12. David Nelson, The Story of Changi Singapore, Changi Publication Company, Australia, 1973.

13. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14550, “Medical Appreciation of the Situation at Selarang Barrack Square during the period 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Sept. 1942”, Lieut-Colonel W.G. Neal, D.D.M.S., 22 September 1942, pp.1-4.

14. National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 235/825, Trial proceedings of Lt.-Gen. Fukuei Shimpei of the Imperial Japanese Army for the violation of the laws and usages of war while at Changi between 29 Aug 1945 and 6 Sep 1945, Statement by 4th witness Lt.-Col. S.W. Harris, Royal Artillery, Commanding 148 Field Regiment, Commanding 18th Division, 23 August 1945, p.4.

15. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, pp.130-132.

16. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14550, “Medical Appreciation of the Situation at Selarang Barrack Square during the period 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Sept. 1942”, Lieut-Colonel W.G. Neal, D.D.M.S., 22 September 1942, pp.1-4.

17. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, p.133.

18. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 325/44, Report and appendices by Col. E.B. Holmes, M.C. on the “Selarang Incident”, Appendix 8: “Selarang Special Order No.2 by Colonel E.B. Holmes, M.C.”

19. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, p.133.

20. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 325/44, Report and appendices by Col. E.B. Holmes, M.C. on the “Selarang Incident”, Appendix 10: “Selarang Special Order No. 3 Dated 4th September, 1942”.

21. Australian War Memorial, Document Reference PR 85093 (1 of 4), “The Missing Years 1941-1945 Being the Diaries and Letters of H.P. Pilkington”, 27 September-22 October 1945, p.133.

22. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 290 Reel 7.

23. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 32/14550, “Medical Appreciation of the Situation at Selarang Barrack Square during the period 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Sept. 1942”, Lieut-Colonel W.G. Neal, D.D.M.S., 22 September 1942, pp.1-4.