1. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 343 Reel 3.

2. The Syonan Times, 21 February 1942. “The Meaning of Syonan”.

3. The Syonan Sinbun, 10 December 1942. “Malaya Officially Renamed Malai.”

4. The National Archives of UK, File Reference ADM 199/903A, “Japanese Administration in Malaya”, 8 June 1944, p.1.

5. Ibid, p.2.

6. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “S.I.P.S. Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, p.10.

7. Ibid, pp.8-9.

8. Ibid, pp.1, 10.

9. Before the war, there were only 5,000 Japanese in all of Malaya, 4,000 of whom were based in Singapore. Their principal economic activities included mining and exporting of iron ore and bauxite, banking, fishing and shopkeeping. They held no political positions, not even of an advisory nature.

10. The National Archives of UK, File Reference ADM 199/903A, “Japanese Administration in Malaya”, 8 June 1944, pp.1, 8-9.

11. Ibid.

12. The Syonan Times, 12 March 1942. “New Administrative Heads In Malaya.”

13. The Syonan Sinbun, 20 July, 2603. “Kanichi Naito Named Mayor Of Syonan.”

14. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “S.I.P.S. Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, pp.44-55; Syonan Tokubetu-si Notice No. 98 dated 1 August 1942.

15. The National Archives of UK, File Reference ADM 199/903A, “Japanese Administration in Malaya”, 8 June 1944, p.16.

16. The Syonan Sinbun, 9 December 1943. “Advisory Councillors Pledge Co-operation, Service To Respective Communities.”

17. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “S.I.P.S. Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, p.11.

18. Ibid, pp.11-15.

19. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 339 Reels 4 and 5.

20. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 343 Reels 3 and 4.

21. Oral history interview, 1984, in English, Acc 440 Reel 12.

22. Oral history interview, 1984, in English, Acc 440 Reels 13 and 14.

23. Oral history interview, 1985, in English, Acc 546 Reel 17.

24. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 299 Reel 2.

25. Oral history interview, 1993, in English, Acc 1427 Reel 15.

26. Interview for ‘Reflections at Bukit Chandu’, 2002, in Malay.

27. Oral history interview, 1985, in English, Acc 553 Reel 17.

28. Australian War Memorial, Series AWM 54 Item 779/10/4, “Escape narrative of Lieut M M Pillai, Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners, and Lieut V Radhakrishnan, Singapore Volunteers – Appendix: Treatment of Civilians and Atrocities”, p.33, CD No. D2006100078.

29. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 418 Reel 6.

30. Oral history interview, 1984, in Malay, Acc 319 Reel 11.

31. Interview for ‘Reflections at Bukit Chandu’, 2003, in Malay.

32. Oral history interview, 2005, in English, Acc 2983 Reel 2.

33. Oral history interview, 1984, in Mandarin, Acc 412 Reel 6.

34. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Box 103, Document Reference XL7767, “Preliminary Examination Report No. Y216/1”, 20 March 1945, pp.7-8, Microfilm No. NAB1099.

35. Oral history interview, 1982, in English, Acc 143 Reel 2.

36. The Syonan Sinbun, 5 December 1943. “Gunsei Effected In Malai As Rapidly, Satisfactorily As Progress Of Campaign”; 6 December 1943. “Gunsei Activities Reviewed”; 7 December 1943. “Important Gunsei Steps Recalled”. The Syonan Shimbun, 10 December 1943. “Gunsei Work In July 2602 Reviewed”.

37. The National Archives of UK, File Reference ADM 199/903A, “Japanese Administration in Malaya”, 8 June 1944, pp.19, 25.

38. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “S.I.P.S. Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, pp.40-41.

39. Ibid.

40. The Syonan Times, 18 April 1942. “Notification - Registration Of Families”.

41. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “S.I.P.S. Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, pp.40-41.

42. Ibid.

43. Oral history interview, 1984, in Malay, Acc 72 Reel 6.

44. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “S.I.P.S. Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, pp.40-41.

45. Oral history interview, 1982, in English, Acc 25 Reel 4.

46. The National Archives of UK, File Reference ADM 199/903A, “Japanese Administration in Malaya”, 8 June 1944, p.13. According to British intelligence: “In addition to their normal duties, the Police are concerned with the issue of vouchers, passes and permits, registration of households, institution and enforcement of A.R.P. regulation, distribution of food, suppression of Black Market profiteering, and the detection and liquidation of anti-Japanese organisations. They participate also in the census-taking, as for example between 1-30 April 1943 when the last census was taken in Singapore. There are severe penalties for failure to obtain from the Police licenses for radios, arms, ammunition and explosives.” Cited from The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “S.I.P.S. Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, pp.27-31.

47. Ibid.

48. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “S.I.P.S. Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, p.32.

49. Oral history interview, 1985, in English, Acc 543 Reel 10.

50. Tan Thoon Lip. Kempeitai Kindness. Singapore: Malayan Law Journal, 1946. 98.

51. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Box 346, File Reference XL26928, “Personal and Eye Witness Reports of Japanese Atrocities by Victims, Victim’s Families, and/or Eye Witnesses Collected by the Singapore China Relief Fund”, 9 November 1945, pp.1-2, Microfilm No. NAB1099.

52. Oral history interview, 2004, in English, Acc 2838 Reel 3.

53. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 235/819 Vol 1, “War Crimes Courts Proceedings”, 8 February 1942 (Folder 62).

54. The Syonan Times, 16 July 1942. “Nippon ‘Auxiliary Police’ System For Syonan.”

55. Oral history interview, 1982, in English, Acc no. 183 Reel 5.

56. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 343 Reel 4.

57. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “S.I.P.S. Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, p.32.

58. The Syonan Shimbun, 15 January 1944. “High Privilege Of Youth To Defend Own Country.” British intelligence reports further noted: “Recruits for the (Heiho) Auxiliary are mostly Malays drawn from all over the peninsula, though Chinese, Indians, and Eurasians are also accepted. They were assembled at a camp in the vicinity of Singapore and put through a vigorous program patterned after Japanese army training, with commands given in the Japanese language. Here they are provided with free uniforms, board, and lodging plus $25 per month. A few of the more promising recruits have been selected for officer training.” Cited from The National Archives of UK, File Reference ADM 199/903A, “Japanese Administration in Malaya”, 8 June 1944, pp.13-15.

59. The National Archives of UK, File Reference ADM 199/903A, “Japanese Administration in Malaya”, 8 June 1944, pp.13-15; The Syonan Shimbun, 22 January 1945. “Giyu-Gun Offers Golden Opportunity To Youth of Malai - Local Youths Filling Important Role In Reconstruction Of Their Country: Young Malai Officer Interviewed.”

60. Oral history interview, 1984, in Malay, Acc 498 Reel 3.

61. The Syonan Shimbun, 22 January 1944. “Notice.”

62. Oral history interview, 1981, in Malay, Acc 121 Reel 8. 63. Oral history interview, 1984, in Malay, Acc 498 Reel 3. 64. Oral history interview, 1984, in Malay, Acc 498 Reel 5.

65. The Syonan Shimbun, 27 July 1944. “Community Labour Service Corps To Swell Membership - 20,000 Strength is Aim”; 2 August 1944. “Government's Goodwill Enabled Formation of Labour Corps”; 4 August 1944. “Mobilization Of Manpower: First Batch Of Workers Enrolled.”

66. The Syonan Shimbun, 27 July 1944. “Community Labour Service Corps To Swell Membership - 20,000 Strength is Aim”. British intelligence also reported that “Recruitment for the (Labour Service) Corps is on a basis of 20 members, irrespective of race, for every 250 inhabitants in the various provinces and towns in the country.” Cited from The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “Security Intelligence for Planning Section: Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, p.19.

67. The Syonan Shimbun, 2 August 1944. “Government's Goodwill Enabled Formation of Labour Corps”.