1. The National Archives of UK, File Reference ADM199/903A (Vol 2), “Japanese Administration in Malaya”, 8 June 1944, pp.27-28.

2. The Syonan Times, 17 April 1942. “Schools Re-Open In Syonan City.”

3. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Box 1197, Document Reference 106346, “Interrogation of General Conditions in Singapore (with Singapore-born Malaya seaman)”, 17 November 1944, pp.1-2, Microfilm No. NAB 1099.

4. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “Security Intelligence for Planning Section: Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, p.15-16.

5. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “Security Intelligence for Planning Section: Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, p.15-16.

6. The Syonan Times, 6 June 1942. “Your Future Depends Upon a Knowledge of Nippon-Go.”

7. The National Archives of UK, File Reference ADM 199/903A (Vol 2), “Japanese Administration in Malaya”,

8 June 1944, p.27. 8. The Syonan Times, 14 April 1942. “First Nipponese Class Held in Syonan.”

9. Oral history interview, 1999, in English, Acc 2165 Reel 1.

10. The National Archives of UK, File Reference ADM 199/903A (Vol 2), “Japanese Administration in Malaya”, 8 June 1944, pp.27-28.

11. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Box 1197, Document Reference 106346, “Interrogation of General Conditions in Singapore (with Singapore-born Malaya seaman)”, 17 November 1944, pp.1-2, Microfilm No. NAB 1099.

12. Ibid.

13. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “Security Intelligence for Planning Section: Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, pp.15-16.

14. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 355 Reel 7.

15. The Syonan Times, 6 June 1942. “Your Future Depends Upon a Knowledge of Nippon-Go.”

16. Oral history interview, 2006, in English, Acc 3037 CD1.

17. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 321 Reel 9.

18. Interview for ‘Reflections at Bukit Chandu’, 2002, in English.

19. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 265 Reel 3.

20. The Syonan Sinbun, 2 January 1943. “Syonan Starts Year With Clean Bill of Health.”

21. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “Security Intelligence for Planning Section: Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, pp.15-16.

22. The National Archives of UK, File Reference ADM 199/903A (Vol 2), “Japanese Administration in Malaya”, 8 June 1944, p.27; The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “Security Intelligence for Planning Section: Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, p.25.

23. The Syonan Shimbun, 21 December 1943. “Gunsei Activities Reviewed.”

24. Oral history interview, 1987, in English, Acc 789 Reel 2.

25. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “Security Intelligence for Planning Section: Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, pp.24-26.

26. Ibid.

27. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “Security Intelligence for Planning Section: Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, pp.15-16; The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “Security Intelligence for Planning Section: Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, pp.24-26.

28. The Syonan Shimbun, 23 March 1945. “Big Education Step-Up In Syonan-To: Attractive Courses of Study Planned - Chief Bares Former British System.”

29. Oral history interview, 1994, in English, Acc 1559 Reel 1.

30. The National Archives of UK, File Reference ADM199/903A (Vol 2), “Japanese Administration in Malaya”, 8 June 1944, pp.27-28.