1. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “Security Intelligence for Planning Section: Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, pp.8-18.

2. The Japanese press extended its reach over Malaya in an attempt to spread the ideology of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. There were reportedly 15 journals by the Syonan Press Association throughout Malaya, in addition to the “many books, magazines, and pamphlets each extolling some outstanding characteristic of Japanese culture and the Japanese people”. The National Archives of UK, File Reference ADM 199/903A (Vol 2), “Japanese Administration in Malaya”, 8 June 1944, p.30.

3. Ibid.

4. It was considered the policy of the Japanese administration to publish the Army newspapers (which were in Japanese) in the morning and the English papers in the evening using the same news, to encourage proficiency of the Japanese language amongst those who wished to obtain the news earlier. The National Archives of UK, File Reference ADM 199/903A (Vol 2), “Japanese Administration in Malaya”, 8 June 1944, p.30.

5. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “Security Intelligence for Planning Section: Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, p.18.

6. Oral history interview, 1984, in English, Acc 475 Reel 7.

7. Oral history interview, 2006, in English, Acc 3068 CD 1.

8. Oral History interview, 2006, in English, Acc 3068 CD 3.

9. The Syonan Times, 27 March 1942. “Local Broadcasts From To-morrow.”

10. The Syonan Times, 8 June 1942. “Nippon-Go Radio Courses For Syonan Schools.”

11. The Syonan Times, 4 September 1942, “Notice”; The Syonan Times, 18 September 1942, “Syonan Tokubetu-Si Notice No. 114 - Notification of prohibition of Short Wave Radios”; “Notification - Authorized Places for Modification of Short Wave Wireless Receivers.”

12. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “Security Intelligence for Planning Section: Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, pp.8-19.

13. Gram Swing and Quentin Reynolds were a well-known American radio commentator and news correspondent respectively during the war. Australian War Memorial, Series AWM 54 Item 779/10/4, “Appendix ‘D’ to Report by an Indian Officer, Lieutenant Radha Krishnan, lately escaped from Malaya - Propaganda to Japanese Occupied Territories”, pp.1-2, CD No. D20061000078.

14. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “Security Intelligence for Planning Section: Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island”, 5 April 1945, p.18.

15. Oral history interview, 1984, in English, Acc 475 Reel 8.

16. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 273 Reel 15. In another report, it was noted that “the Chinese do a tremendous amount of our propaganda by listening secretly to our broadcasts and passing the news around. There is a great whispering campaign going on in the whole town. Thus the news of the bombing of Tokyo by us about the 20th April was known to the majority in Singapore, including even the coolies.” Australian War Memorial, Series AWM 54 Item 779/10/4, “Escape narrative of Lieut M M Pillai, Royal Bombay Sappers & Miners and Lieut V Radhakrishnan, Singapore Volunteers”, 8 September 1942, p.5 (Appendix F), CD No. D20061000078.