1. The Syonan Times, 15 April 1942, “20 Cinemas to Re-open Soon in Syonan-To.”

2. Oral history interview, 1982, in Mandarin, Acc 185 Reel 24.

3. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “S.I.P. Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island Part ‘B’ Subsequent to Enemy Occupation”, p.19.

4. Oral history interview, 1991, in Malay, Acc 1296 Reel 4.

5. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 273, Reel 8.

6. The Syonan Sinbun, 23 October 1943, “New Amusement Park At Bukit Timah Opened, Successful Ceremony”

7. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 273 Reel 7.

8. Oral history interview, 1984, in English, Acc 16 Reel 7.

9. Oral history interview, 1983, in Mandarin, Acc 326 Reel 7.

10. Oral history interview, 1999, in English, Acc 2165 Reel 1.

11. Oral history interview, 1981, in Mandarin, Acc 120 Reel 8.

12. Oral history interview, 1989, in English, Acc 1020 Reel 1.

13. The Syonan Shimbun, 2 September 1944, “Cheap Cooked Food For City Workers”. British intelligence reports concurred, but juxtaposed this against pre-war living costs: “Before the war a coolie could have, for five cents, as much rice as he wanted with a quantity of soya beans, bean sprouts, other vegetables, fish and bits of indifferent pork. A clerk could get a satisfactory mean at any foodstall for 15 cents. A three-course lunch at an ordinary European restaurant cost one dollar”. The National Archives of UK, File Reference WO 220/561, “S.I.P. Proforma ‘A’ on Singapore Island Part ‘B’ Subsequent to Enemy Occupation”, p.21.

14. Ibid.

15. Oral history interview, 1982, in Mandarin, Acc 185 Reel 24.

16. Oral history interview, 1983, in English, Acc 343 Reel 3.

17. The Syonan Times, 30 April 1942, “Soccer Resumed in Syonan”

18. The Syonan Times, 3 July 1942: “Soccer Makes Auspicious Start on Syonan Esplanade.”

19. Oral history interview, 1987, in English, Acc 789 Reels 1 & 2.

20. Oral history interview, 1996, in English, Acc 1776 Reel 1.

21. Australian War Memorial, Series AWM 54 Item 779/10/4, “Appendix ‘G’ Treatment of Civilians (Atrocities etc), Personally Witnessed by Lt. V. Radharkrishnan Unless Otherwise Stated. Report by Lt. M.M. Pillai and Lt. V. Radharkrishnan who escaped 7/5/42”, CD No. D20061000078.

22. Oral history interview, 1987, in English, Acc 789 Reels 1 & 2.

23. Oral history interview, 1984, in English, Acc 421 Reel 3.